How Effective is Federalism in the U.S. - Free Essay Example

American federalism has evolved in many ways over the years. The common theme among the different types of federalism is balancing power between federal government and lower levels of government. There are those who shed light mainly on the disadvantages of federalism, but there are also those who choose to shift their focus to the advantages and ways that federalism can empower citizens. Does competition among state and federal government really focus on the well-being of citizens? How do mobility and choice tie into federalism? Is there a pending resurgence of federalism in our nation? Federalism is a unique system of government. In America, there are various levels of government such as local, state and federal. The idea of federalism is that the divided authority will counter an all-powerful federal government. The Tenth Amendment is the basis for American federalism (Unknown author, https://definitions.uslegal.com/f/federalism/, unknown publish date). This Amendment addresses the relationship between state and federal government (Unknown author, https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/tenth_amendment, unknown publish date). To understand federalism, it’s important to know the history of the system, what inspired the idea to begin with, how it’s evolved, the ways it affects citizens, etc. Around the 1780’s most nations had unitary governments . A unitary government is a system in which the central government wields either most or all political authority. Americans specifically rebelled against the unitary government of Britain. Understandably, when forming the U.S., early Americans weren’t too keen on the idea of jumping right back into this type of system. Confederations were another popular system of government around this time. This type of government gives a majority of the power to states. One of the main issues with a confederation is weakened central authority. Delegates at the Constitutional Convention came up with a tentative solution. Enter: federalism. The U.S. first saw dual federaism from 1789-1933. In dual federalism, it’s very apparent which level of government has what authority. For this reason, dual federalism is also referred to as â€Å"layer cake† federalism. Defined â€Å"layers† of governmental responsibility, just like a layer cake. Next, cooperative federalism (1933-1981) was implemented. Cooperative federalism is also called â€Å"marble cake† federalism. The reason for thi s is that in this system, different government functions all seem sort of blended together. While a cake with flavors that intermingle is quite enjoyable, as a system of government, it can become confusing. Who’s authorized to do what? That’s a question cooperative federalism poses. From 1981-2009, the United States saw the rise of new federalism. New federalism emphasizes the importance of local and state governments. The lines of authority are even more swirled together with new federalism than with cooperative federalism. Introduced in 2009 and still in practice today, we have progressive federalism. Progressive federalism, of course, grants the federal government power to set certain ground rules for what states can do, but ultimately the idea is that states will have the bulk of the power (Unknown author, Types of Federalism, the Basis for American Government, https://www.dummies.com/education/politics-government/types-of-federalism-the-basis-for-american-government/, unknown publish date). A prime example of federalism is the movement to make the recreational use of marijuana legal. Marijuana is classified by the federal government as a controlled substance. Even though recreational use of marijuana is still federally prohibited, the Obama administration inspired a more laid-back attitude regarding marijuana. States are generally allowed to decide how they’d like to penalize (or not penalize) citizens if they’re found to be in possession of marijuana. Though, states still must meet specific requirements (like not allowing children to end up with marijuana in thei r possession) (G. Lopez, Marijuana Legalization, Explained, https://www.vox.com/platform/amp/identities/2018/8/20/17938372/marijuana-legalization-federal-prohibition-drug-scheduling-system, November 14, 2018). Competitive federalism is again, based on the Tenth Amendment. Its main concept is that states should be able to compete with one another on important policy issues. The idea is that if states are given the money and authority to do so, there’s more room for beneficial changes and breakthroughs (M. Mayer, Power to the States, https://www.usnews.com/news/the-report/articles/2018-05-31/right-and-left-should-come-together-on-competitive-federalism, May 31, 2018). One major argument made by those who support competitive federalism is that it liberates citizens. More specifically, supporters argue that competitive federalism gives constituents the ability to act as government consumers by finding which state best fits their specific needs and then moving there (O. Lipsett, the Failure of Federalism: Does Competitive Federalism Actually Protect Individual Rights?, Constitutional Journal of Law, March 2008). Choice and mobility are recurring themes throughout the multiple points of view on federalism overall. The new era known that brought about competitive federalism surfaced around 1978. At this time, state governments and federal government began engaging in competition with one another for citizens, support and resources. Around 1928 to 1978, the federal government had an apparent fiscal edge. This was known as the centralization period. Competitive federalism was a result of the loss of that advantage (J. Shannon, J.E. Kee, Public Budgeting Finance, Volume 9, Issue 4, December 1989). There’s a lot of questioning about whether or n ot competitive federalism is truly beneficial to citizens. For example, in United States v. Windsor, the issue was same-sex marriage. The Defense of Marriage Act (known hereafter as DOMA) was passed in 1996. DOMA allowed states to decide whether or not they’d recognize same-sex marriages. At the time DOMA was in effect, the federal government specifically defined â€Å"marriage† as a union between a male and a female. Because of this, many same-sex couples didn’t have access to some significant benefits heterosexual married couples did (joint tax filing, estate-tax exemption, etc.). The Court ultimately ruled that the states were permitted to choose whether or not to define marriage. Then, a woman who had been directly feeling the negative effects of DOMA took monumental action. Edith Windsor sued the federal government and succeeded. Her victory resulted in DOMA being repealed. It was determined that the federal government was not authorized to define marriage This is a significant example of competitive federalism because same-sex couples could move to states that wouldn’t deny them marital benefits. (Unknown author, 3.4 Competitive Federalism Today, https://cnx.org/contents/[emailprotected]:[emailprotected]/Competitive-Federalism-Today, unknown publish date) Federalism can be empowering to citizens. First, there are many states that are extremely focused on individual rights. Since states are given leeway to make decisions on policy issues, some citizens who may not feel their rights are protected in one state may feel differently in another. This is c losely related to citizen choice. Citizens are empowered because they’re given options to find a state that could meet unfulfilled needs. Citizens also can find themselves empowered through the emphasis on state government’s power. More Americans seem to trust state and local levels of government than in the national government. This is understandable, as these levels of government offer quicker and more efficient responses to constituents’ needs (Morone Kersh, By the People: Third Edition, 2016). Private ownership is the first of three private economic principles. It’s the responsibility of the government to determine who owns what, permit property owners to use their own judgement to determine the best use of their private property. The government must also protect private property. In nations that don’t have an organized, formal system for private ownership, there are lots of issues. If government isn’t establishing legal rules that determine who owns what, there’s not much they can do to protect the property (T. West, The Heritage Foundation’s First Principles Series, The Economic Principles of Americas Founders: Property Rights, Free Markets and Sound Money, No. 32, August 30, 2010). Market freedom is the next private economic principle. Everyone must be entitled to sell what they what, when they want and to who they want for a reasonable price that’s mutually agreed upon. There are some exceptions, of course. The role of the gove rnment in market freedom is to clarify contracts and ensure the terms are upheld ( (T. West, The Heritage Foundation’s First Principles Series, The Economic Principles of Americas Founders: Property Rights, Free Markets and Sound Money, No. 32, August 30, 2010). A command (or planned) economy is the opposite of a free market. Command economies place centralized power in the government to delegate how much of certain goods are produced and how they’re sold and used (L. Kramer, What’s the Difference Between a Market Economy and a Command Economy, https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/100314/whats-difference-between-market-economy-and-command-economy.asp, January 9, 2018). The last private economic principle is stable money. There needs to be a reliable way of measuring market value. A lack of reliable money can lead to unpredictable fluctuations in the prices of services and goods (T. West, The Heritage Foundation’s First Principles Series, The Economic Principles of Americas Founders: Property Rights, Free Markets and Sound Money, No. 32, August 30, 2010). Mobility and choice are key topics within federalism. There are those who are of the opinion that federalism offers citizens more choices. Those who are in this camp of thought argue that citizens can simply base their decisions on where to move according to which states offer which benefits, programs, resources, etc. However, there are also those who argue that people aren’t always able to easily utilize that mobility (Morone Kersh, By the People: Third Editon, 2016). Federalism relates to centralization and addresses same. The fiscal correlation between federalism and centralization is that in theory, lower levels of government are given more freedom to make decisions. Federalism also directly relates to policy centralization. Again, since federalism aims to balance power, there’s a drive to let states take more charge on policy matters (J. Rodden, Comparative Federalism and Decentralization: On Meaning and Measurement, Comparative Politics, Vol. 36, No. 4, July 2004). One advantage of federalism is protection against autocracy. This is arguably one of the most important advantages of a federalist system. With power divvied up between, there’s less of a chance of the nation falling under tyrannical rule. Checks and balances are important for this reason (R. Wiseman, Advanta ges Disadvantages of Federalism, https://bloomp.net/articles/benefits-of-federalism.htm, unknown publish date). Another advantage of federalism is that citizen participation is increased. As mentioned previously, citizens show more trust in local levels of government. Because the federal government isn’t given omnipotent authority, citizens are more inclined to participate in political activities (R. Wiseman, Advantages Disadvantages of Federalism, https://bloomp.net/articles/benefits-of-federalism.htm, unknown publish date). A third advantage of federalism is that state governments are far more responsive to the needs of the citizens. This is very closely tied in with increased citizen participation. This leads to better conflict management and a more efficient system (R. Wiseman, Advantages Disadvantages of Federalism, https://bloomp.net/articles/benefits-of-federalism.htm, unknown publish date). Now, of course, there are certain disadvantages of federalism. The first is that federalism makes it possible for there to be policy imbalances among the states. (R. Wiseman, Advantages Di sadvantages of Federalism, https://bloomp.net/articles/benefits-of-federalism.htm, unknown publish date). An example that comes to mind is the case of United States v. Windsor, which I discussed earlier in this paper. A second disadvantage of federalism is that it makes unanimity quite difficult. We are a nation of different political parties. When local officials are in charge of parties in a state, the politics can get particularly chaotic (Morone Kersh, By the People: Third Edition, 2016). Finally, as previously discussed when reviewing the history of federalism in America, it was made very obvious that blurred lines of authority can pose various issues. Overlapping governmental responsibilities can breed coordination issues (Morone Kersh, By the People: Third Edition, 2016). There are some factors that may be paving the way for a resurgence of federalism in America. Historically, America has had a national government smaller than other nations. During significant events such as the World Wars, the Great Depression and the Cold War, the size grew. However, with each increase in size, efforts have been consistent to reduce size again. Another factor is that Americans have displayed a tremendous amount of civic voluntarism since the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This means citizens are getting involved in public life of their own volition. This voluntary spirit leads to political innovations and positive changes in policies across the nation. Finally, checks and balances, ensuring that public officials cannot act unilaterally, could has and will continue to lead to great strides for our nation (Morone Kersh, By the People: Third Edition, 2016). Throughout the process of examining the positive and negative aspects of a federalist system, I do be lieve that it’s an effective system. Checks and balances, citizen involvement and responsive officials can all lead the way to improve upon this system and work toward empowering the nation’s citizens more than ever before.

Alice In Wonderland Syndrome - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1183 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/05/08 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Alice in Wonderland Essay Did you like this example? Our topic is on Alice in Wonderland Syndrome (AWS), also known as Todd’s Syndrome. Sometimes when you have a migraine, things don’t look right. Colors change, straight lines turn wavy, time seems to change, and things shift. AWS is similar to that. AWS is an uncommon condition that gives you short-term episodes in which you have disorientation and distorted perception. A British psychiatrist, John Todd, first identified AWS in the 1950s. In the book Alice’s Adventures In Wonderland, Alice drinks from a bottle that says drink me and turns the size small enough to walk through a small door. Then, later on, she eats something that says eat me and turns large enough to reach the key on the table. John Todd recognized that the things Alice goes through in the book were similar to what you go through during an AWS episode, so he named the condition Alice in Wonderland Syndrome. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Alice In Wonderland Syndrome" essay for you Create order AWS has many different things you can experience during an episode. Episodes are different for everyone. Some common symptoms are migraines, size distortion, perceptual distortion, time distortion, sound distortion, loss of coordination. The odds of getting migraines are higher if you have AWS. Everyone who has AWS will have different episodes. They can last anywhere from a few seconds to a half an hour and you can experience all or some of the symptoms. The episodes can happen multiple times a day for multiple days in a row, and then not have one at all for several weeks or months. Doctors are still trying to figure out what the cause of AWS is, but they still haven’t found a cause. What they do know is that AWS is not a problem with your eyes. Most people think it is a problem with your eyes because of all the hallucinations. Doctors know that abnormal blood flow, caused by unusual electrical activity, flows to the sections of the brain that processes your visual perception. Even though doctors have figured this out, they still don’t know what causes the unusual electrical activity in the brain. If you have AWS, or some of your family members have it, it can increase your chances of getting infection, migraines, and genetics (a rare disease). Some possible causes that doctors have come up with are stress, brain tumor, use of hallucinogenic drugs, epilepsy, and having a stroke. AWS is extremely undiagnosed but this is because no one really knows what to look for to diagnose it. They often diagnose AWS because of ruling out other options. People often don’t think much of their episodes because they are only a few seconds or minutes long. Doctors have no actual test they can use to diagnose AWS but some things that they can do to help them see if the patient has AWS is an MRI scan, blood scans, and electroencephalography(EEG). An EEG will measure the electrical activity in the brain. Doctors are trying to find the cause for AWS, but at the same time, they are trying to find a cure. There is no treatment or cure for AWS yet, so the best way to handle your symptoms is to just rest and wait for them to pass. Another thing that can help is to treat your symptoms like any other person would. For example, if you normally get migraines during an episode, take painkillers, or whatever you would do normally if you didn’t have AWS. Over time AWS can get better. Overall, the symptoms of AWS are disorienting, but they are not harmful to you. Doctors are trying to find a cure and a cause for AWS. Over time you will experience the symptoms less and less. AWS may be hard while you are having episodes, but in the end, it’s not the worst thing ever. If you treat AWS the right way, it could even go away entirely as you reach your adulthood. We chose this article because it is a rare condition of neurological ailment disorder that is not frequently known, and a British psychiatrist Dr. John Todd based it off, of a novel by the author Lewis Carroll, and some movies called Alice In Wonderland(AIWS). This originated in 1955. AIWS is relevant to the 5 Aspects of Wellness because you are mentally affected, you can’t sense out what’s reality and fantasy, it plays tricks on your brain by hallucinating your mind into reforming and reshaping body parts, or what’s adjacent or distant. It’s not a fad, because it’s been around for 64 years, originated from 1955 to 2019, and doctors, psychiatrist, etc. try to find the cure to (AIWS) but have failed, because they couldn’t find functional medical care. I think since doctors like to take on challenges, to medicines, and cure AIWS will be with us for a long time until they find medical treatment. A Healthline source said the potential danger is à ¢â‚¬Å" This syndrome can affect multiple senses, including vision, touch, and hearing. You may also lose a sense of time. Time may seem to pass faster or slower than you think. You may feel larger or smaller than you actually are. You may also find that the room you’re in — or the surrounding furniture — seems to shift and feel further away or closer than it really is†, and that’s why many doctors, FDA’s and Psychiatrist think (AIWS), is a danger to reality. Personal things I learned about (AIWS) is, that doctors do not really know what’s causing it but are taking an estimated guess to say that brain tumors, migraines, epilepsy, psychoactive drugs, Epstein-Barr-virus disease are the genesis to (AIWS). That (AIWS) has no official cure, but doctors say to reduce these symptoms you can perform a migraine diet and/or migraine prophylaxis. Since (AIWS) syndrome is an infrequent, uncommon disease, most people are not contained with it yet, but statistics show that patients that have a history with migraines have 15% chance of getting(AIWS). I did not know (AIWS), was such a mental disease in the world, that affects your brain into hallucination, or that (AIWS) can be a side â€Å"disease† to a disease/virus-like migraines, or brain tumor etc. One thing that is surprising is that an inside source Helene Stapinski said â€Å"The New York Times, writer Helene Stapinski shared her personal experience with the syndrome. Stapinski recounts how her daughter while suffering from a bad headache, told her â€Å"Everything in the room looks really small.† This realization opened a door to Stapinski own experiences with this rare syndrome, and the story caught fire on social media in the following days. Studies show that out of the 48 people who had (AIWS) later on ensued migraines and headaches that weren’t in their heredity. BioMed Research International said In 1952, Lippman firstly described several pati ents experiencing sensations of becoming remarkably tall or short during attacks of migraines. Lately, Coleman found the same symptoms in a young patient with schizophrenia, who referred that she felt just like Alice in Wonderland, because of her sensation of shrinking and enlarging.

Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension ( Ph ) - 1257 Words

Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) belong to group 1 in the classification of Pulmonary Hypertension (PH). It is a chronic progressive disease caused by narrowing of the minor pulmonary arteries due to vascular proliferation and remodeling. Figure 1: Changes occur in blood vessels in PAH. The estimated prevalence for PAH is 15-50 cases per million although it is a rare disease. The female to male ratio is 1.7:1 with higher prevalence between 30-40 years old. To date there are 52 cases per million population of Scotland diagnosed with PAH. (1) The current treatments available for PAH are prostaglandin (PG), calcium channel blocker (CCB), Endothelin Receptor Antagonist (ERA), and Phosphodiesterase-5-inhibitors (PDE-5-I). The need for new drug therapy is due to the drawbacks of the current treatment as shown in the tables below. (3) This has led to the development of Opsumit (Macitentan), a new drug therapy for PAH. Table 1: Drawbacks of using Calcium Channel Blocker (CCB) in PAH Calcium Channel Blocker (Nifedipine, Diltiazem) The proportion of patient benefited from this drug is too little.(2) Table 2: Drawbacks of using Prostaglandins (PGs) in PAH Epoprostenol I.V Iloprost nebulized Treprostinil S.C - Inconvenience administration through IV route which requires hospitalization - Unpresentable body image - Administration of the drug might be associated with high risk of infection (need to be given through continuous I.V infusion due to short half-life)Show MoreRelatedThe Heart Is A Hollow, Muscular Organ Of The Middle Mediastinum Orientated Obliquely961 Words   |  4 Pagesgrooves indicate these divisions: the atria are separated from the ventricles by the coronary sulcus (the atrioventricular groove) with a hiatus anteriorly at the root of the pulmonary artery (PA). 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The ventilator settings were changed to PRVC with a respiratory rate of 35 breaths per minute, tidal volume of 470, PEEP of 15Read MoreThe long drive Essay1112 Words   |  5 Pages ï‚ · Since she has been sitting, her legs are not getting any movement. But, her arms are more mobile which is why her arms did not swell. If you were the doctor, what tests would you perform? ï‚ · Ekg, full blood work which includes arterial gas levels, blood pH, creatine phosphokinase, blood troponin The Long Drive Part 4 – Tests, tests, and more tests 1. What do the ECG and the blood levels of creatine phosphokinase, and troponin-I tell you about the likelihood that Barbara had a heartRead MoreShort Note On Barometric Pressure At Pikes Peak972 Words   |  4 Pageswater loss, ventilatory changes and alternations in pulmonary hemodynamics. 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Analysis of the Stocks of Apple

Question: From the point of view of an investor who wishes to evaluate whether the stocks that you examined are worth investing in, how useful was the analysis you carried out on these stocks? What limitations do you see in your analysis and results for investment decision making purposes? What further analysis would you wish to carry out? Explain. Answer: Effectiveness of the Analysis: The Portfolio analysis of the stocks of Apple, BHP Billiton Ltd. and Citi Group has provided many useful information regarding the profitability and investment risks related to the stocks. Though the present discrete return rate of Apple Inc is showing negative value, the volume of negative rate is nominal and in the recent past the market value of the Apple Inc. stocks has increased significantly. Whereas, the market value of BHP Billiton Ltd. has experienced high up and downs. It indicates that the stock prices of Billiton Ltd. are not stable and consisted with high-risk elements. The prices of the Citi Group stocks have recently fallen greatly, but it has also maintained a steady growth over the recent past. The weighted average rate of return of the three stocks is also quite unstable (Kranner et al. 2015). Hence, amongst the three stocks, it is better to invest in the stocks of Apple Inc. and Citi Group. The BHP Billiton Group can be considered for investment, but, the volume of investment should be minimum to avoid the high risk, connected with the stocks. Limitations of the Analysis: The analytical process, adopted in the report, has not provided any guidance on the proportionate investment. It has given focus on the risk analysis of the individual stocks and the combined rate of return of all three stocks. There is no reference given on how the total investment amount can be divided among the three stocks to segregate the risk factor (Picard 2014). Additional Requirement: Hence, the analysis process should include any diversification method to provide more assistance in the investment decision-making process. Reference List: Kranner, Stephan, Neal Stoughton, and Josef Zechner. "A Natural Experiment in Portfolio Management."Available at SSRN 2514593(2015) Picard, Robert G., ed.Media product portfolios: Issues in management of multiple products and services. Routledge, 2014